Scope of Online Sales free essay sample

An increase in the use of websites for promotion of consumer products by organizations is expected. Organizations encourage visits to their websites by the use of integrated marketing communications However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. The aim of this project is to provide better understanding on the use of sales promotions for consumer products in an online environment. In order to reach this purpose, research questions on the types of sales promotions used online, as well as describing the environment in which they existed, were stated. Based on these research questions, a review of the literature was conducted, resulting in a conceptual framework. This framework became the guide for this study’s data collection. A qualitative approach was used. Study was conducted on the background on an Electronics manufacturing company, Sunlit Electronics. Data was collected by interacting with dealers, customers and company’s website. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope of Online Sales or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The findings indicate that firm has not introduced online sales and online sale promotion activities through their website. Even though there is a lot of scope for the same. The firm is not using their website effectively. The study finds out that the Firm can ensure transactions security for online sales and provide playfulness in websites which make them more effective. The overall project findings says that the company has scope to introduce this new sales feature and use different sales promotion materials to increase their sales and make website effective, they do not use many of sales promotion types for online promotions. SALES PROMOTIONS Promotions should be considered in a broader context than simply price promotions and will include co-op advertising funds, display allowances to the trade, as well as display and feature advertising activity direct to the consumer. An appropriate promotional mix must be created in order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This will involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are available for use as part Sales promotion (Rowley J. 1998). A significant sales impact has been shown that sales promotions are widely employed by manufacturers and retailers. Generally, each sales promotion tool is used to achieve a unique objective (Srinivasan, S. S. and Anderson, R. E. 1998). Various studies indicate that online sales promotions can lift offline sales time after time, whether the item in question is a food item, personal care or a household product. Furthermore, each campaign has typically brought in more than twice the amount that the company paid to advertise online. Sales promotions can offer many consumer benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, although consumers also may be motivated by the desire for quality, convenience, value expression, exploration and entertainment (Kwak S. and Uncles M. 2005). Past studies of the effectiveness of consumer sales promotion have focused on monetary sales promotion. However, in practice, both monetary and non-monetary sales promotions are used widely. In assessing the effectiveness of sales promotions it is necessary to examine both types. In the UK by 2001, over a one third of adults who accessed the Internet also purchased goods or services through it (Harridge and March, 2004). This means, of course, that two-thirds do not shop online, and some writers cite uncertainty and/or risk as preventing consumers from doing so. Some companies have been criticized for apparently thinking that all Internet shoppers are the same, instead of realizing that there are many reasons why a customer may visit a site. On the one hand, the highly competitive marketplace compels marketers to increase their spending on the promotional mix. While at the same time promotional expenditures are being examined closely by top management as one of the most promising areas left for cutting costs and increasing profits. This heightened scrutiny puts intense pressure on marketers to develop and implement promotional programs that can add value to their corporations within the constraints of tighter budgets. Hence, there is a crucial need to re-examine how promotional dollars are spent. One promotional element attracting intense scrutiny is sales promotion which consists of a diverse collection of mostly short-term incentives designed to motivate consumers or the trade to purchase a product immediately and/or in larger quantities by lowering the price or adding value. (Srinivasan and Anderson 1998) New strategies for Internet marketing have been predicted to include new ways of targeting, focusing on benefits; product strategy emphasizing authenticity and promotion based on well-managed websites (Aldridge et al. 1997) researchers have shown that sales promotions lead to real long-run increases in sales and profits (Dhar and Hoch, 1996; Hoch et al. , 1994). In addition, different types of sales promotional tools can have different impacts on sales, profitability, and value added to the brand (March, 2004). Sales promotions are important marketing tools in today’s businesses. They command a greater portion of the marketing budget than advertisements (in consume r-packaged-goods business) (Kumar et al. , 1998). Marketing resources allocated to promotional tools represents a significant portion of a firm’s total communication efforts. For instance, in the USA sales promotion investments amount to nearly 30 percent of what firms spend on advertising alone (d’Astous and Jacob, 2002). In many European countries, sales promotion expenditures are larger than advertising expenditures. However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. Part of the reason is that an advertisement is purely informational with no exchange value.

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Ethiopia is a country covered by 60% in Pastoral areas and around 15% of the total population living in pastoral areas and also 95% of the total livestock population were living in pastoral areas. People living in pastoral areas have a limited access in to the human health, and education services, pastoral areas have very poor communications also lack the basic services in addition, the pastoral communities livelihoods are harshly endangered by livestock illness, drought and adverse conditions of trade (PICP, 2002). Shinile Zone is located south eastern part of the Ethiopian countryamd one of the nine governmental zones of Somali Regional State. It occurs the northern part Somali of the Region, it borders with Somalia (Somaliland) on the southern, Djiboutiin the north eastern , Oromia and Dire dawa on the south Jijiga Zone on the southeast, and Afar Region on the west. The population of the zones livelihoods are mainly depends on livestock and livestock’s product. There is also a important quantity of trade activity and there is also a little amount of crop production in the southern part – n livestock and imported goods The Pastoral population of the zone covers the largest area in shinile zone , which is the total population of zone is around 85% . In shinile district pastoral community is about 90% of the population; The rest of the population are mostly occupied in Agro pastoralism. while a small minority (less than 5%) are involved in business activities in town or commercial centres. Pastoralists in Shinile district were affected constantly by recurrent drought for last two decades. These recurrent droughts pose a severe challenge on livestock rearing activities: the main livelihood of the pastoral communities was depending on the livestock and livestock products. The droughts caused the decrease of livestock and live death which in turn negatively affected the incomes from the livestock. As a result, pastoral mens were not fulfill their role as a household provider from livestock rearing, whereas the pastoralist women cover most of the activities the to accomplish both role men and women to generate the income of the household and also giving food and family needs . lthough, women are the back bone of family involvement In income generating activities in arrange to make extra revenue for the household, it is not well defined what is the degree of the women participation in such income earning activity affects the role of women and responsibilities in the pastoralist livelihood system. This research studies will design to recognize how women’s participati on in income Generating activities affects responsibilities and gender roles in Shinile district. 2. Critical Review Methodologies Messay Tegegne(2012) is the author of research paper titled by An Assessment on the Role of Women in Agriculture in Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia. This researcher was use the following methods and collection and data analysis in his research The research question of the researcher was 1. What do women and men do in agricultural activities and when, where, and when activities take place? 2. Who has access to control over resource and decision making in agricultural activities? 3. What is the socio-economic factors that hinder the role of women in agricultural activities? . what is the role women in agriculture activities ? The researcher’s method of the data collection was gathered by the primary sources and secondary sources. The primary data was gathered exactly from the target respondents using questionnaires and interviews and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data was collected through review of related literatures the main data collection tools used was interview schedule from the community and the grass root level leader it was contained close ended questions, some open ended and structured questions also used. nd analyzed by the SPSS Software, The research article of the Elizabeth Tesfaye Haile(2008) which is titled by: Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating ActivitiesThe Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. She has been used her research on the following procedures The set of her research questions was 1, what is the impact of women’s involvement in firewood sales as an income Generating activity on gender roles and responsibilities among pastoralists in 2. What are the effects of pastoral women in income generating activies on gender role? 3. What are the task of the pastoral men and women in shinile district? 4. What is the gender responsibility in pastoralist in shinile district? The Method of data collection Both primary and secondary data’s were utilized in this research paper primary data was gathered tools such as semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, and observation were employed. Secondary data also reviewed with the related literature topics such as books and journals. And it was analyzed by the qualitative analysis. Marco Rangil Escribano is also other author research paper titled by: Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). The researcher was followed the following steps in his research RESEARCH Question What are constraints and opportunities that are faced to engage in income generating activities Lay Gayintdistrict ? Method of data collection The data was collected by using tools of Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA): interviews with key informants, mapping, transect walks. Focus group discussion and data was analyzed T-test, Chi-square test, Logit Model and qualitative method of the data analysis. Eneyew and Mengistu (2013): Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequality in Pastoral Societies The main research question of the researcher were What are the causes of gender inequality in (agro-) pastoral societies? What is the extent of gender inequality in terms of selected socio-economic variables The methodologies of their data collection and analysis used was the Primary data collection were followed by the Harvard gender analysis framework and analyzed by Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, and chi square test were used Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. NKHONJERA(2011): is the author paper The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi Research question of the paper is 1. What is the importance of the women participation in agricultural development? Under this question there are many sub question addressed in this research such as 2. What are the barriers to women participation in agricultural development? 3. Is the national policy restrain or promote women’s participation in agriculture? This research paper is used in secondary data adequately utilized the literature that are already available Relevant sources from, academic literature, articles, journals reports, conventions policy documents, and laws were reviewed by critically assessing the diverse issues that are in line with women’s participation. The paper does not have a primary data flied observation and it was simply used by generalization of the secondary datas obtained by reviewing different topics relate to his research topic. MOHAMMED A. the title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Security Research questions 1. What are the roles of micro finance in food insecure household and impact of their income generation? 2. What is the role of women controlled income sources? Method of data collection and analysis Primary data collection was used by interview, questionaire and structured and semi structured methods. The data gathered from the was analyzed and presented in the different fomrs. Such tabulat form,graphics,percentage and figures form . besides to this, it was analyzed using mean,mode and measures of central tendencies and dispersions with the help of the â€Å"Statistical Program for Social Sciences† SPSS software. 3. Objective of the Research Proposal The main objective of the paper is to classify the role of pastoral women’s involvement in incone generating activities and propose the feasible convenient pastoral womenprograms, and to show the top level managements and decision and policy maker at the Woreda and region,to tackle the problem therefore they may take advice and include strategies in the rural development planning the Specific objectives are:- * To assess the degree nd way of the pastoral women’s are generating income at househol level * To know the way of the pastoral women are supporting their families * To identify the income generating activity on pastoral gender roles and responsibilities. * To the extents of the women has acess to resource over the control in household level 4. Research Question 1. What are the roles of pastoral women in income generating activities at household level? 2. What is the effect pastoral women’s involvement in income generating activities in gender role? 3. Who has acees to control over resource and decision making in household level? .. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH In this research proposal detail description of the study area and method of the study approach, source of the data collection and data anlysises. Description of the study area The study will be conduct in shinile wareda of the Somali regional state shinile is the one of the six eight wareda of the Somali region it is located in northern part of the region it is bounded hadhigala district , the western part in dire dawa eastern part in dhambal district and the western part I oromia. Research strategy The study will be both qualitative and quantitave method data collection. he primary data will be conduct directly from respondents using simple questionnaires, case study and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data will be collect through theories and review of related literatures such as articles,journals,books and internets. Quantitative m ethod Quantitative research is data obtained on field by using structured questionnaire, interview, that are designed and it will include different topicwhich is related in the role of the women in income generating activities. Some basic information will be collect from the respondents such s demographic and socio-economic situation pf the pastoral women and any necessary things. Qualitative method In this method of redearch is mostly concentrated on the role of women in income generating activities in the research area. The data will gather through focus group discussions and interviews by using interview and discussion guides. Secondary data will be gather from reviewing related literature and Sectoral offirces such as Woreda Agriculture office, microfinance office, Women’s Affairs The discussion will undertake to collect information from relevant bodies Involving on actual implementation of the role of women. Sampling Techniques After identification of the primary data collection tools which is interviews ,focused group discussions, semi-structured and observation will employ and randomly sampling will be select the case study with four focus group discussion will held . each of the group will will ten in numbers to carry out gender study as a means to identify the role of pastoral women In income generating activities, access and control. It will carry out the discussion for men and women separately in order to allow women to speak freely. The data also will arrange and give coding make easier analysis and finally thr write up will be done. Method of the data analysis Qualitative and quantitative raw datas collecred from the field will arranged by using coding and process based on the research questions of the methodological research the gathered data will arrange and it will give codes and process to analyze by using simple Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean, mode, standard direferent statistic tools such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. And finally interpretation will be done after the entry and analysis. 6. Refferences An Assessment On The Role Of Women In Agriculture In Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia available at http://cgspace. cgiar. org/bitstream/handle/10568/29021/Thesis_MessayTegegne. pdf? sequence=1accessed 27/7/2013 Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequalityin Pastoral Societies Adugna Eneyew 1,* and Sileshi 2 Mengistu available athttp://edepot. wur. nl/969 accessed 27/7/2013, Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating Activities The Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia available at http://edepot. ur. nl/969 accessed 26/7/2013. Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). Available at dppc. gov. et/downloadable/reports/Early_warning/DRR%20DAY-2012/PARTICIPATION%20OF%20RURAL%20WOMEN%20IN%20INCOME%20GENERATING%20ACTIVITIES. pdf a ccessed 26/7/2013 The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi available athttp://search. babylon. com/? q=Household+food+security+and+women%27s+pivotal+role+in+the+context+to+market+oriented+agricultural+devt. amp;babsrc=HP_ssamp;s=webamp;rlz=0amp;as=0amp;ac=0 accessed 12/7/2013 The title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Securityavialable at pcdp. gov. et/Docs/Research/PCDP%20publications%20and%20research%20reports/The%20Role%20of%20Microfinance%20in%20food%20security%20of%20pastoral%20household. pdf aceesed 28/7/3024 Annex1 University of Greenwich Questionnaire on The Role of Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities: The Case Shinile District Somali Region, Ethiopia. Name of the interviewer: ____________________Date of interview: ________________ Name your of Kebele: ________________________Questionnaire: ___________________ I. Personal information 1. Name of the respondent:__________________________ 2. Age-_________________ 3. Sex: Male Female 4. Marital status: MarriedSingle Divorced Widowed 5. Religion: MuslimOrthodox CatholicProtestant Others (Specify):_____________ 6. Your Educational background No education Primary education Secondary other Religious education 7. Do you have children and if yes _____ . 1 how many____________ 8. Total household members:___________________ 9. What is the age and sex structure of your households Age | Male | Female | Total | lt;5 years| | | | 5-15 years| | | | 16-30 years | | | | 31-45 years| | | | 46-65 years| | | | gt;65 years| | | | | | | | 10. what is your Employment status Unemployed Professional/non manual Manual (skilled/unskilled) business - - 11. what is your main source of income? 1. 2The women†™s contribution to household expenditure None/almost none Less than half About half More than half All 13. list the main activities done the women as a an income generating activities? a. ___________________ b,__________________________ c ________________________ d. ________________________ e. ____________________ II. Household property possession and wealth 14, how many livestock you owned ? _______________________ 15. How many livestock do you have? ___________ 15. How did you obtain these animals? 1. by legacy 2. through marriage 3. through gift of our relatives 4. Other means 16. who has a duties and responsibities of the livestock rearing? ____________________________________________ 17,what is the time to spend for livestock keeping and rearing in per day? ________________________________________ 18. do you do any other activities rather than livestockkeeping ? if yes what kind of activity ? what do you get ? __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. How is your participation in decision making on income expenditure? 1/ I always decide on my own 2/ I am involved in decision making 3/ I get information only after decision is made by my husband 4/ I sometimes decide by my own and my husband decide on his own at other time 5/ I have equal say on income expenditure 19. Are there any incidences that you overtake women’s assigned duties in livestock Production or domestic tasks after women’s engagement in the income generating? 20. In general, what changes have you experienced in your livelihood as a result of women’s involvement in firewood sales? VI. Guideline for Focus group session with women pastoralists This question are a group discussion questionnaires that are designed by a group of people . which are mixed both men and women with equal in a members it contains four groups each focus group discussion contains ten members which is five men and five in women and it will asks same question in each of the team member members with equal opportunity discussion will be separated in men and women in order to allow womens to participate freely without feeling fear from their mens because culture and religion are imiting the womens participation in such discussions . this focus group discussions will give more attension or enphasises on women because of women’s income generating activities in pastoral areas were yet not defined . more of this questions were deigned to know the extent of the pastoral women are participating the income generation. What are the jobs and actions of pastoralists in livestock production, domest ic Reproduction and community work? -how many houra are spend womens for income generating activities per day? What are ways of the women managing the selling activities inlivestock production and domestic reproduction in given day? * How the pastoral womens share their dailly activities in domesticor reproduction or production in your areas? -To what intra-household resources (Livestock, land, money etc) those pastoralist men and women have access? * What is the ways of the pastoral womens involvement in the income generating activities? * Can Pastorals womens are use or buy livestock to get un income generating activities ? f yes whygt; * Do the women are spend their income from the income generating activities I n other resources /non animals household resources like food,clothes ,houde utility. etc? if yes why? * To what degree womens acces to control their income from income generating activities selling? * Does women income generating activities helps their family ? if yes what extent ? what extents women’s control their income over resource? * In conclusion,what is happened whe n women involvements occurred in the gender activities or access to control over resource? Are it is improved or deteriorated†

Business Continuity Planning Pros and Cons

Business Continuity Planning Pros and Cons Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Continuity Planning In a Financial Organization under the Incident Command System Abstract This research paper is primarily focused on highlighting the specific pros and cons of a business continuity plan that is used in a financial organization under the incident management system. The advantages associated with the use of incident command systems in a BCP in any financial organization are paramount including being able to install preventive and corrective measures that can either reduce partial or complete impact in cases of disruptions. However still there exist some cons associated with its usage i.e. fast amounts of time required for its implementation, asset acquisition and in most cases the size of the organization might hinder the implementation of an incident command system. Introduction A business continuity plan is very critical in the facilitation of the smooth running of the organization or guidelines that can help reco ver from disruptions hence ensuring the provision of services even in cases of disturbances. The process focuses on assessment and identification of all the potential threats that might disrupt service delivery and their potential impacts with the aim of creating measures to ensure the resilience of the system. Technology should enable recovery of applications from disruptions and other critical data through the disaster recovery plan. An incident command system is the technical developments for a given company that entails its main functionality being to mitigate the impacts of the unforeseen incidents that can result in loss of critical data. Business continuity planning are corrective measures established in an organization or an institution to govern the daily and future activities within it (Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). These measures are for ensuring that there is smooth running of the necessary activities. Failure to establish the plan could lead to the company collapsing, l ow profit in the day to day sales or even shut down of the business which is a big loss to the business. Business continuity planning should be done to any organization that takes its customers or clients seriously. Continuous planning takes the owner of the business miles ahead of the other competitors within the same field (Heng, 2015). Advantages I. During planning the potential of the business booming up is established plus the possible weaknesses and challenges the company might face are outlined and effective solution are established in advance. II. The main advantage that any financial institution stands to gain from the use of an incident command system is the ability to identify potential threats and plan in advance hence avoiding suspension of critical financial operations. The threats might range from natural epidemics, cyber-attacks or just computer failures as a result of hardware or software issues. III. The financial organization has increased abilities to mai ntain effective coordination and to maintain the response directions. Besides, the organization can gain insights on the importance of coordination of resources and the ability to identify the incident priorities. IV. The financial institution has a good platform for testing and reviewing the most likely threat hence allowing for coordination of BCP with external stakeholders. V. The long-term use of incident command systems is an advantage in itself as it leads to gaining of experience hence I the long run will lead to higher efficiency in restoration and fast recoveries. However, the full implementation becomes a disadvantage as it is time-consuming. VI. The financial section of the organization if it implements the recovery systems well can work as a competitive advantage as it safeguards against financial losses of the organization VII. Although this is later on stipulated as a disadvantage, it can still be an advantage. Incident command system can be used to accomplish tasks that people couldn’t do in disaster – prone areas hence preventing payment disorder whereas reducing the risks associated with miscommunication between the responder. VIII. Embracing the current evolution computing technology brings efficient fast and timely delivery of the service given by the organization. This can help in record keeping and monitor the business activities. IX. Business continuity planning helps one in marking the best insurance cover that matches the criteria of business. The cover is of great help in case of disasters like fire or thefts or any other disaster that could strike the organization. X. Business continuity planning helps one building best platforms for marketing and branding of the business and products.one is in a position to establish the effective and most suitable mode of reaching out that is fault tolerant and can assure customers of uninterrupted service delivery. XI. The target audience is created. He/she is in a pos ition to outline the reach people or group one is aiming at. This helps one avoid going out of the set individuals. Disadvantages Failure to do business continuity planning one is at a significant risk of either: I. The implementation process is often considered as tedious hence requiring professionals to handle it. Besides the organization has to employ qualified personnel to handle that. No business intends to invest heavily in preparing for unknown threats as they rather wait for it to happen then defend (Systems, 2012). II. The process of using incident command systems as a business continuity planning tool is both costly and time-consuming. This may lead to over investment of funds that could have otherwise been dedicated to other business operations. III. Business collapsing or failure that is as a result of poor management skills, techniques, and evaluation techniques. Hence, one is not in a position to establish the coming danger and ends up regretting the already outcome. IV. The death of individuals could occur after the fire, building collapsing where the insurance covers have been ignored, have not been implemented by professionals or due to lack of adequate testing of the possible scenarios. Conclusions The implementation of a business continuity plan through incident command systems has been faced with numerous advantages and disadvantages. Some of the benefits include; response, recognition of threats, competitive benefits, coordination mechanisms, experience and an excellent testing platform with the option testing and reviewing. The main disadvantages include the need for specialized skills in handling the recovery systems. In addition to this, small businesses cannot implement the system as this may result in losses through maintenance cost. However, analysis of the pros and cons suggests that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. All this indicates the importance for all financial institutions to implement the incident c ommand system as part of the business continuity plan (Drennan, 2014). References Drennan, L., McConnell, A., & Stark, A. (2014). Risk and crisis management in the public sector . 2 nd ed. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group London and New York. Heng, Goh Moh. (2015) â€Å"Business Continuity Management Planning Methodology†. International Journal Of Disaster Recovery And Business Continuity , vol 6, 2015, pp. 9-16. Science And Engineering Research Support Society , doi:10.14257/ijdrbc.2015.6.02. Ramakrishnan, R. K., & Viswanathan, S. (2015). The Importance of Business Strategy in Business Continuity Planning. The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management, 31-35. doi:10.1002/9781119205883.ch3 Systems, S. (2012) The CEO’s Guide to Succession Planning: Managing Risk & Ensuring Business Continuity. SSRN Electronic Journal . http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1633523

Security Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Security Service - Essay Example The next, MI6 is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the country is protected from external aggression and is constituted by the Intelligence service; this also undertakes overseas espionage as well as ensuring that the country has no spies. The security service as seen is the present body is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the security of the UK citizens. The formation of which is the subject of this study is highly associated with apparent and not actual threat to the people of this great Kingdom. (Andrew 1987) Political thinkers, social scholars and philosophers have argued that the need for a security body is not because there exists a situation but because there is need to handle a likely situation. The possibility of a likely situation is what brings in the element of imagination. To further support this, the human nature is naturally characterised by anxiety and pursuit of the future. Because the future is not certain, there is need to make some kind of projections which are greatly based on the current situations. (Knighteley 1986) These projections are the bases of future preparations or measures where an individual makes required adjustments to eliminate the chances of surprise or simply to help increase chances of preparedness. This is the foundations of the security service where the government officers sought to ensure that the country was prepared for the unforeseen circumstances in the future. The way to prepare was on the bases of the situations that the country faced at the time and which showed a tendency to recur in the future. (Knighteley 1986) This activity had characterised the world in a way that it seemed an unsafe world as nations sought to prove their superiority and military prowess by conquering other nations. It should be noted that this was not necessarily a threat on the United Kingdom but a global trend which did not suggest a continuation of the same. However, anticipation and need for preparedness forced the nation governance to devise a way to react to these situations when the time came. (Andrew 1987) This was more imaginary than actual as it was an anticipated situation and not the real matter affecting the nation at the time. Therefore, when we also talk of imaginary, it is important to indicate it is informed in the imagination and not a dream from thin air that is conceptualised and converted into an institution such as the Security Service. The following is the information one gathers as you review the past information that led to the formation of the Security Service. (Knighteley 1986) First, there was a triggering measure that was not necessarily in action on the country but was a situation that happened around the country which was viewed to either cause similar effects on the United Kingdom or drag the nation into these struggles. Though history indicates that the United Kingdom was among the nations that participated in these early struggles of power, it was not until the middle 18th century that it became a considerable force. (Knighteley 1986) Earlier on, countries such as Portugal had considerable might and had dominated overtime. Therefore, it is not proper to think of Britain at the time as a force due to the fact that was pointed out earlier. The presence of the triggering factor led the countries into preparing for future similar situations in

Strategic Corporate Finance. All about IPOs Essay

Strategic Corporate Finance. All about IPOs - Essay Example Another option is to raise capital from the public. A corporation is a legal entity separate from the lives of its owners and if conditions are favorable, it can raise capital through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the equity market or alternatively through issuing bonds in the debt market. Obviously the public response would depend on the viability of the company, its future prospects and line of business, as well as the reputation and business acumen of its management. Types of IPOs, Advantages & Risks Generally speaking, at the present time there are two options as to how an IPO can be made. The first, as indicated above, is to make a public offering so that all interested investors can read the prospectus and apply for the shares through the stock market. However nowadays things are a little bit more complicated as the IPO is usually conducted by investment banking firms in return for commissions and fees. One of them acts as an underwriter, guaranteeing to take up all share s not applied for. This helps the company raise the required capital regardless of the amount of public response. An underwriting fee is charged as per agreement made with the IPO company. With the large size of corporate entities and the phenomenal sums involved in share flotation, it is not surprising that there could be a number of investment firms involved in the IPO process and they then direct the flow of ownership to popular and moneyed entities so that initial funds to the firm are ensured. However this could lead to lack of diverse ownerships and control problems in later years. The second option in vogue today- and that chosen by Google and Morning Star- is to raise initial capital through an open auction process. As can be imagined, almost anyone interested in bidding can do so by applying for the minimum amount of shares offered in a lot. This can truly diversify ownership as there is no telling who will make a bid for shares (Carter, 2005). It is then up to the registra r to decide who gets the final allotment of shares. However a competitor or an unscrupulous individual or firm may also get hold of a sizeable number of shares this way, so it sometimes makes sense to use the services of investment banks. It could cost a little more to organize road shows, seminars and the like to get people interested, but in the long run more diverse ownership in the hands of the public is guaranteed. It also leads to greater liquidity and the company may not have to resort to stock splits later to dilute values and promote marketability and capitalization (Rao, 2011). A Brief History of Avaya Avaya is a spinoff of Lucent Technologies. Lucent Technologies is itself a spinoff from AT&T. Alcatel-Lucent is the parent company of Bell Laboratories, and like Bell, Avaya is also involved in providing networking, communications and information technology solutions to its worldwide customers. It is considered by experts to be a world leader in hardware maintenance, enterpr ise messaging, range audio conferencing, operating a contact center and using Unified Communications and Enterprise Telephony. The company was created in 2000. It is headquartered in New Jersey, USA. Avaya has offices in 145 countries (Avaya Group, 2011). Since its creation, Avaya has successfully bid for a number of companies such as Tenovis, Nortel, Ubiquity Systems, Sipera Systems and Aurix. The company is at present privately owned by TPG Capital and Silver Lake Partners, who acquired it on 26 October 2007 for $8.2

Transitions Essay Example for Free

Transitions Essay Transitions are changes that take place in our life; changes that move us from one stage to another, for example from being single to being married, or from being unemployed to being in work. Children go through lots of transitions from 0-19years birth itselffrom milk to solidsfrom crawling to walkingfrom being fed to feeding ourselvesfrom nappies to being trainedbecoming self awareable to be cared for by othersgoing to nurserygoing to school developing new skills. nd college or work home to early childcare when the child is getting ready for going to a childminder or nursery then the John Bowlby Attachment theory helps as it can be difficult for children to separate from there parents so it its important to let them know that everything is fine and that they are loved moving on to primary school this is a big transition because they are moving into full time school so its a good to introduce them to the teacher a few times before starting as this get the use to a new face and classr oom some schools let the children have a morning with the teacher before they that start the class. Moving on to secondary school each school is different some schools let the the children have a have a full day at the new school other schools let them have a week of moving around the school its important that the children are told what is happening at that a familiar face is there to help with the transition. Moving on to college,employment or training there are many different agencies there is connections for teenagers where they can get support and advice for careers that they want or at college there is a student service that will help. any children can deal with a particular change unaffected but for some children find the divorce or a death a life changing experience. children need to have a positive relationship during periods of transition as they need to feel secure in other areas of their lives. Each child is different some children may want to talk about the transition so its important to make the time for them. If there is enough time to prepare the child or children for the transition then it will help them when the time comes. Some children’s behaviour may change for example the child may become quiet and withdrawn may show signs of uncharacteristic behaviour or become attention seeking The child’s development may also become affected lack of motivation avoiding social contact or regressing All of these transitions present the child with challenges. Of course, the child doesn’t usually have to go through the transitions on his own, he will be supported by those around him at home or in day care, or in education. However, the experience of going through the transition will depend on the kind of response and support he gets from those around him. We must also keep in mind the fact that a child’s early experiences of transitions will have a big effect on how he handles transitions at later stages of his life.

Feeling Sympathy for Gertrude and Rhoda in The Withered Arm, by Thomas

Feeling Sympathy for Gertrude and Rhoda in The Withered Arm, by Thomas Hardy The Withered arm is typical of Hardy's novellas, as it is a tragedy. It involves two main characters, Rhoda and Gertrude. Rhoda and Gertrude both have their own different problems that the must face. Rhoda and Gertrude become friends after they first meet. Rhoda had an illegitimate child to farmer lodge who marries Gertrude. Before Rhoda and Gertrude meet Rhoda does not know what Gertrude is like so is bitter about the idea of her marrying farmer lodge who hardy hints Rhoda is still in love with. Rhoda is described to be old before her age and works as a milkmaid. She receives no help in the upbringing of the boy she had with farmer lodge so she works hard to care for him. The other milkmaids talk about her and they start to talk about the subject of farmer lodges new wife. This part makes you feel some sympathy for Rhoda as she is being talked about when she is still there. Because of the times Rhoda was not at all respected for bringing up a child on her own but instead she was treated as a social outcast. No one seemed to blame farmer Lodge for what had happened. The other milkmaids will think nothing of talking about her business when she is there. This makes you feel sympathy for Rhoda because in this day and age the farther would be forced to help at least financially with the upbringing of his son and Rhoda would be respected for her hard work in bringing up a child on her own. Rhoda is curious about the new wife and sends her son of to "check her out", as it would be. She wants to know what his new wife is like. Hardy gives the impression that Rhoda is jealous of the new wife or a least angry that he is taking a new... ...ge says that he is away on holiday. You feel sorry at her desperation as she is only doing this so farmer lodge will like her for her physical beauty but she does not seem to mind. The body that she touches happens to be Rhoda's son and farmer Lodge is with her. You feel sorry for both the women equally as much at the end of the story but for different reasons. Rhoda has had her whole life taken away from her however little it was and Gertrude has now died as a result of trying to improve her physical beauty. In conclusion I think that you can not feel more sympathy towards either woman as they are both in the same boat and it is because of each other that they had so much grief and hardship. If they had nether met or had anything to do with each other then they would not have been like they were. It was all a matter of situation and circumstances.

History and counseling psychology Essay

When we study human behavior, specifically focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a variety of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to our attempt to understand ourselves and others and is part of the way in which we account for the differences that contribute to our individuality. Psychologists have been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. We have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. We can choose from as many models we can to help us see ourselves better and maintain good relationships (Fall et al. , 2003). Behavior is described and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is possible, and although this may not thoroughly and completely be accomplished in some endeavors, the basic understanding then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any person would act or decide upon things that are within his conscious awareness. Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a person or group of individuals come from (Fall et al. , 2003). Black, feminist, and cross-cultural psychologies depart from traditional psychology as these are expansions of the classic approaches but are reflective of more distinct and culturally sensitive perspectives that need to be incorporated. The relevance of integrating such approaches is timely since these have never been thought of before as pertinent hence, timely implementation of these theoretical perspectives is then appreciated (Fall et al. , 2003; Hamm, 1989). It is by separately labeling and providing a distinct area for each of these approaches much the same as their predecessors, and pointing to their current applications that makes this incorporation in the new course interesting and exciting. Due to the increasing technological breakthroughs, communication has never before as quick or speedy and as available as it is now, implying the accessibility of the approaches being introduced as readily as possible. The internet is a visible proof for this fact. At one’s fingertips, materials can be had that even very remote villages or cities in third world countries may be able to see the relevance of the approaches according to their contexts (Hamm, 1989). With this in mind, the application of these viewpoints in one’s role as teacher involves a deeper understanding in those populations that are particularly addressed in the theoretical viewpoints provided (Gloria & Lewis, 1986). As a practitioner on the other hand, the new set of formally accepted perspectives enhances one’s profession in a sense that a new way of looking at individuals and their culture are acceptable already and thus is a welcome addition to the depth of knowledge and insights of human behavior (Aguirre & Turner, 1995; Boisnier, 2003).

Censorship: Friend or Foe?

While some will make the argument that it depends on the authority of a child, some children mature less quickly than others. There's no way of telling who can handle the material until it's too late. Censoring in the beginning is like a safety net to make sure nothing offensive is being said. On the other hand, a high school student should be mature enough to handle anything that is thrown their way. By the time they get to that age, they already know a good handful of the stuff that administrators are trying to censor.Offensive topics eke racism, sexual contact, rape, and homosexuality may be contained in the book being read, but In all reality, there is nothing more real to the book than there Is to a scary movie. President Obama said â€Å"censorship Includes teaching our children the truth about history and this country, which Is not currently done, since the education department Is a tool of the Liberal and their revolutions history to convert our country into communist societ y. Meaning censorship could be depriving children of the ability to learn about not only their country and government, as it seemingly being said here, but about the world and how it functions. As anyone could say, censorship is as easy a topic as politics or religion, there are so many different ways to look at it. In one hand there is the fact that some people are not mature enough to handle some of the points being made, and some of the things being said. While in the other hand, there is the fact that censoring a book of things that a child already knows is shielding them from something they have en before.In response to both opinions, children are all maturing at different rates, the way of knowing who can handle such harsh topics and Ideas is only In the minds of the children. Censorship Is not helping, nor depriving the children of today. It's Just a movement to try to protect the feelings of different beliefs. Censorship should be decided by the parents. As at C. J. H. , the children were given an option to read The Kite Runner: by Exhaled Houses, or Lord of the Flies: by William Gilding, leaving the anal option to the parents of the children by sending a permission slip home.

Liberec, a city in the north of Czech republic essays

Liberec, a city in the north of Czech republic essays Liberec is situated in a valley between the Jizera Mountains and the Jested Ridge. The Nisa River runs through it. The Town Hall lies 373m above the sea level. The town has population about 100 000 inhabitants and occupies the area of nearly 115 square km. From its foundation (the first written report about the village, concerning paying elevenses to the Pope, comes from 1352), Liberec was gradually developing as a trade and crafts centre of regional importance. When the house of Biberstein died out, the Liberec manor was bought by the Redern family in 1558. Thanks to this purchase, Liberec started to change its parochial character. It gained the status of a town in 1577. First linen and dealers and drapers settled here. First stone buildings- the Castle, the Church of St. Anthony and the renaissance Town Hall (pulled down in 1893) grew up among wooden houses. Albrecht of Wallenstein continued in the Redern tradition. He founded the New Town and supported further development of textile crafts. The ground plan of the Sokolovske Square and timbered houses in Vetrna Street remind us of Albrechts age even today. The sufferings of the Thirty Years War reflected in Liberec only after his death, when the Swedish and imperial troops came here in turn. The order prohibiting construction of wooden houses in 1807 led to the rapid rebuilding of the town centre. Also the road connection with the rest of the world improved in the first half of the 19th century and a railway was introduced here in 1859. Liberec was already the second most populous town in Bohemia. Its importance was further elevated by a special statue from 1850 and by the fact that it became a seat of higher state offices and institutions. Economic power was represented by Trade and Commercial Chamber, cultural and social importance was intensified by the existence of the theatre (since 1820) and by the activity of various associations. Great attention was pa...

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 146

Discussion - Essay Example form of confessional poetry rich in poetic styles and brought out the sensational part of her life and the real life of many individuals (Burdescu, 2013). Although there are some ethical issues in Anne’s bibliography, Anne’s work can help many people who are in a similar state of depression and on the verge of committing suicide. In fact, the biography has increased the significance of her artwork and many people are interested in reading and understanding her work more than before. The description of Anne’s hard work as she writes a poem after another is quite encouraging to readers and other people as it stresses the value of hard work. Anne turned to writing to avoid killing herself something that is quite interesting to readers and other people in a similar situation. Engaging in something useful helps one to avoid engaging in certain vices, which has led to greater appreciation of her work. Despite the evils of her sexual and alcoholic life, her book won many praises and a national book award in the biography category as it depicted the actual life experiences that many people go through. Anne’s bibliography increased her creative endeavors and influenced many to read her poems appreciating the poetic

The Question is in the Instruction part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Question is in the Instruction part - Essay Example This shows that despite the complete strangeness of a new and alien activity which initially seems incompatible to the inherent nature of Mole, the willingness to try it proves to be beneficial to him. Mole takes a splash into the water due to his excitement but he does not give up the idea of boating as incompatible to him. He perseveres and overcomes the incompatibility of his first encounter with boating. Grahame explains the different behaviors of the animals as belonging to the quaint culture called the animal-etiquette and not as incompatible elements thrown together. (Grahame 2004, p.10, 12). The narrative attributes certain behaviors to the unique animal culture when it says; 'The Rat hummed a tune, and the Mole recollected that animal-etiquette forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of one's friends at any moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.' (Grahame 2004, p.12). This mirrors the human society that is comprised of people from all walks of life. They are so different as to seem incompatible but yet co-exist in an interweaved mesh that allows for divergence and privacy. Grahame has put together a diverse set of characters that seem incompatible but they are consistent with the diversity that is present in the human population. The animals are the allegories that parallel humans. Grahame uses the setting of the River Bank and Wild Wood because it allows a diverse environment in which he can have a variety of animals and Silvey says; 'Not only is it a nostalgic evocation of the English countryside and a way of life that he felt was under threat, but in the characters of Rat and Mole we can detect aspects of himself.' (Silvey 1995, p. 87). Silvey also says that Grahame depicts human characters in the guise of animals. The rat and mole experience life in much the same way as humans. They enjoy comradeship, boating and a picnic. They exhibit some human traits. The rat is kind to the mole and forgives him for making a complete fool of himself in the water. Furthermore, he promises to teach the mole to row and swim. (Grahame 2004, p. 13). By putting toget her a group of seemingly incompatible characters, Grahame shows how friendships form, bond and cement to make life better in the community. On the other hand, Grahame shows that friendships enrich life. The underlying message is that if animals can form enduring bonds, humans should do much better. Dancygier says that Grahame uses frame metonymy, or the substitution of the name of an attribute for the name of the thing itself. (Dancygier 2005, p. 1). This camouflaging of elements give the impression that incompatible elements are thrown together. 'We are like the Rat in our book-initial quotation from The Wind in the Willows: give us a grammatical "door-scraper," and we can see a whole house, the entire experimental frame within which we understand what door-scrapers are for.' (Dancygier 2005, p. 25 ). This "door-scraper" is a symbol that draws together the seemingly incompatible elements to give an overall picture of what's going on. Rat and Mole find the door-scraper in the snowing woods. Grahame does not let Rat